Chapter 20Writing CDs (Tasks)
This chapter provides step-by-step instructions for writing
and copying data and audio CDs with the cdrw command.
Working with Audio and Data CDs
This Solaris release provides the cdrw command, which
enables you to write CD file systems in ISO 9660 format with Rock Ridge or
Joliet extensions on CD-R or CD-RW media devices.
You can use the cdrw command to:
The cdrw command is available on the Software Supplement
for the Solaris 8 Operating Environment 1/01 CD and is also part of the Solaris
9 release.
For information on recommended CD-R or CD-RW devices, go to http://www.sun.com/io_technologies/pci/removable.html.
CD Media Commonly Used Terms
Commonly used terms when referring to CD media are:
Term | Description |
|---|
CD-R | CD read media that can be written once and after that, can only be read from. |
CD-RW | CD rewritable media that can be written to and erased. CD-RW media can only
be read by CD-RW devices. |
ISO 9660 | ISO, an acronym for Industry Standards Organization, is an organization that
sets standards computer storage formats. An ISO 9660 file system
is a standard CD-ROM file system that enables you to read the same CD-ROM
on any major computer platform. The standard, issued in 1988, was written
by an industry group named High Sierra, named after the High Sierra Hotel
in Nevada. Almost all computers with CD-ROM drives can read files from an
ISO 9660 file system. |
Joliet extensions Rock Ridge
extensions | Adds Windows™ file system information. Adds UNIX™ file system information. (Rock Ridge is named after the town
in Blazing Saddles.)
Note - These extensions are not exclusive.
You can specify both mkisofs -R and -j options for compatibility with both systems. (See mkisofs(1M) for
details.)
|
MMC-compliant record | Acronym for Multi Media Command, which means these
recorder comply with a common command set. Programs that can write to one
MMC-compliant recorder should be able to write to all others. |
Red Book CDDA | Acronym for Compact
Disc Digital Audio, which is an industry standard method for storing digital
audio on compact discs. It is also known by the term "Red Book"
format. The official industry specification calls for one or more audio files
sampled in 16-bit stereo sound at a sampling rate of 44.1 kilohertz (kHz). |
Commonly used terms when working with the CD media are:
Term | Description |
|---|
blanking | The process of erasing data from the CD-RW media. |
mkisofs | Command for making a ISO file system to write
onto a CD. |
session | A complete track with
lead-in and lead-out information. |
track | A complete data or audio unit. |
Writing Data and Audio CDs
The process of writing to a CD cannot be interrupted and needs a constant
stream of data. Consider using the cdrw -S
option to simulate writing to the media to verify if the system can provide
data at a rate good enough for writing to the CD.
Write errors can be caused by one of the following:
The media cannot handle the drive speed. For example, some
media are only certified for 2x or 4x speeds.
The system is running too many heavy processes that can starve
the writing process.
Network congestion can cause delays in reading the image if
the image is on a remote system.
The source drive might be slower than the destination drive
when copying from CD-to-CD.
If any of these problems occur, you can lower the writing speed of the
device with the cdrw -p option.
For example, simulate writing at 4x speed.
$ cdrw -iS -p 4 image.iso
|
You can also use the cdrw -C option
to use the stated media capacity for copying an 80-minute CD. Otherwise,
the cdrw command uses a default value of 74 minutes for
copying an audio CD.
For more information, see cdrw(1).
Restricting User Access to Removable Media with RBAC
By default, all users can access removable media starting in the Solaris
9 release. However, you can restrict user access to removable media by setting
up a role through role based access control (RBAC). Access to removable media
is restricted by assigning the role to a limited set of users.
For a discussion of using roles, see "RBAC Roles" in System Administration
Guide: Security Services.
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